PERAN MINUSCA PEACEKEEPING OPERATION DALAM MENJAGA STABILITAS KEAMANAN REPUBLIK AFRIKA TENGAH 2019-2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32509/mjir.v4i2.5526Keywords:
Role of International Organisations, MINUSCA, Central African RepublicAbstract
This research aims to analyse the role of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) in running the peacekeeping operation program to maintain security stability in the Central African Republic after the ceasefire 2019-2023. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach that collects data from various sources such as books, journals, articles, and official reports and websites. In this research, the concepts of Role and Peacekeeping as well as the theory of the Role of International Organisations and Conflict Resolution are used as an analytical framework. The results show that MINUSCA has three main tasks in maintaining security stability in the Central African Republic, namely Protection of Civilians, Support to Political Transition, and Restoration of State Authority. Despite challenges such as violations of the peace agreement by rebel groups, limited resources, and resistance to the presence of peacekeepers, MINUSCA still plays a key role in protecting civilians, overseeing the political process, and supporting security sector reform in the country.References
Buku
Archer, C. (2001). International Organizations Third Edition. Routledge
Barkin, J, S. (2006). International Organization: Theories and Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan Bercovitch, J., Jackson, R (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. University of
Michigan Press
Coser, L. A. (1957). Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change (Vol. 8, No. 3). The British Journal of Sociology.
Galtung, J. (1975). Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding. PRIO Publication Gerbet, P. (1977) ‘Rise and Development’, International
Social Science Journal 29(1): 7–
Griffiths, M., O’Callaghan, T. (2013). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Routledge
Harnish, S., Frank, C., Maull, H.W. (2011). Role Theory in International Relations (1st ed.). Routledge
Heywood, A (2011). Global Politics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hoffmann, S. (1970) ‘International Organization and the
International System’, International Organization 24:
–413.
Kalck, P. (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd ed.). (X.-S. Kalck, Trans.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. 9-31.
Myrdal, G. (1955) ‘Realities and Illusions in Regard to
Intergovernmental Organisations’, in Hobhouse Memorial Lecture, London: Oxford University Press, 3–28.
Pentland, C. (1976). International Organizations, World Politics- An Introduction. New York: Free Press
Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., Miall, H., (2016) Contemporary Conflict Resolution (4th ed.). New York: Ed. Polity
Reuter, P., Chapman, J.M. (1959) International Institutions. Sage Publications, Ltd
Sempiga, O. (2017). Peacebuilding: Towards Positive Peace in a Society That Endured Conflict Vo,7 No.4. WEIS (World Environment and Island Studies).
Soanes, C., Hawker, S. (2006). Compact Oxford English Dictionary for Students. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thies, C.G. (2009). Role Theory and Foreign Policy. University of Iowa, Department of Political Science
Jurnal dan Laporan
Adebayo, B. (2021). The role of regional organizations in peacekeeping: The case of MINUSCA. African Journal of International Affairs.
Arieff, A. (2014). Crisis in the Central African Republic, Congressional Research Service. Diakses dari: www.crs.gov
Berg, P. (2008). A Crisis-Complex, Not Complex Crises: Conflict Dynamics in the Sudan, Chad, and Central African Republic Tri-Border Area.
https://library.fes.de/pdf- files/ipg/ipg-2008- 4/08_a_berg_gb.pdf
Bøås, M. (2014). The Central African Republic – a history of a collapse
foretold?, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
Boutellis, A., Mechoulan, D., Zahar, M. (2020). Key Considerations for UN Peace Operations’ Engagement in Local Peace Processes. International Peace Institute. Diakses dari: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/ resrep27531.9.pdf
Caparini, M. (2022). Conflict, Governance and Organized Crime Complex Challenges For UN Stabilization Operations. Stockholm international Peace Research Institute. Diakses dari:
https://www.sipri.org/sites/defau lt/files/2022- 12/2212_sipri_report_un_stabili zation_operations.pdf
Cohen, T. R. (2010). Conflict resolution. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 4th edition, Volume 1 (pp. 390- 391). Diakses dari: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/97804 70479216.corpsy0219
Danish Institute for International Studies (2018). Central African Republic: A Conflict Mapping, International Peace Information Service (IPIS). Diakses dari: https://ipisresearch.be/wp- content/uploads/2018/09/1809- CAR-conflict-mapping_web.pdf
Doxsee, C., Bermudez, J., & Jones, R. (2023). The Wagner Group’s influence in Africa: Implications for UN peacekeeping. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
Glawion, T., Van Der Lijn, D., Zwaan, N, D. (2019). Securing Legitimate Stability In CAR: External Assumptions And Local
Perspectives. Stockholm international Peace Research Institute. Diakses dari: Securing legitimate stability in CAR: External assumptions and local perspectives (sipri.org)
Henigson, H. (2020) Community Engagement in UN Peacekeeping Operations: A People-Centered Approach to Protecting Civilians. International Peace Institute. Diakses dari:
https://www.ipinst.org/2020/11/ community-engagement-in-un- peacekeeping-operations-a- people-centered-approach-to- protecting-civilians
Human Rights Watch. (2022). War crimes in the Central African Republic: The role of international justice.
Hunt, C, T. (2019). “To Serve and Protect: The Role of UN Police in Protecting Civilians,” IPI Global Observatory. https://theglobalobservatory.org/ 2019/09/to-serve-and-protect- the-role-of-un-police-protecting- civilians/
International Crisis Group. (2015). Central African Republic: Root of Violences Report No. 2030. https://www.crisisgroup.org/afri ca/central-africa/central-african- republic/central-african- republic-roots-violence
International Crisis Group. (2019). Central African Republic: Anatomy of a Phantom State Crisis Group
Africa Report No. 136.
International Peace Institute. (2018). Prioritizing and Sequencing Peacekeeping Mandates: The Case of MINUSCA. Diakses dari: https://www.ipinst.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/1810_
The-Case-of-MINUSCA- English.pdf
Knoope, P., Buchanan-Clarke, S. (2007). Central African republic: A Conflict Misunderstood. https://www.clingendael.org/site s/default/files/pdfs/CAR_Report
Lesueur, T. (2016) “Central African Republic: Four priorities for the new president.” Daily Maverick. International Crises Group. https://www.dailymaverick.co.z a/article/2016-05-25-central- african-republic-four-priorities- for-the-new- president/#.WNJ2hRJ96YU
Le Vine, V. (1968). The Coup in the Central African Republic? Africa Today, Vol. 15, No. 2., pp. 13-4. Diakses dari:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/418 4887
Howard, L, M., Vlavonou, G., Steinitz, N., Ilunga, Y. (2020). Assessing Effectiveness the of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic / MINUSCA. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.nupi.no/content/pdf
_preview/28351/file/EPON- MINUSCA-Report.pdf
Lombard, L. (2014). A Brief Political History of the Central African Republic. Diakses dari: http://culanth.org/fieldsights/539
-a-brief-political-history-of-the- centralafrican-republic
Lombard, L. (2016) State of Rebellion, Violence and Intervention in the Central African Republic. Diakses dari:
https://dokumen.pub/state-of- rebellion-violence-and- intervention-in-the-central- african-republic-
-
html
Marchal, R. (2017). France’s military intervention in the Central African Republic: Success or failure? Journal of African Security Studies
Salifu, U. (2011). The United Nations’ triadic role as International Organisation in the achievement of selected child-related Millennium Development Goals: The case of West Africa. University of Pretoria. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstre am/handle/2263/30352/dissertati on.pdf?sequence=1
Siradag, A. (2016). Explaining The Conflict In Central African Republic: Causes And Dynamics. Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Diakses dari: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/ 228860549.pdf
STIMSON. (2016). Shifting the Political Strategy of the UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Central African Republic. Stimson Center. Diakses dari:
https://www.stimson.org/wp- content/files/file- attachments/Stimson_CAR%20 Briefing%20Note_12Oct16.pdf
United Nations. (2014). UN Security Council Resolution 2149 (2014). New York: UN.
United Nations. (2021). MINUSCA’s role in electoral security in CAR. UN Peacekeeping Reports.
United Nations. (2023). UN Security Council mandates for MINUSCA. New York: UN.
UNDP. (2022). Judicial and governance reforms in the Central African Republic: UNDP’s role. New York: UNDP.
Wani, H, A. (2011). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Research Scholar Department of Political Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Diakses dari: (PDF)
Understanding Conflict Resolution (researchgate.net)
Weber, A. and Kaim, M. (2014). Central African Republic in Crisis. SWP Comments 15, German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Diakses dari: Central African Republic in Crisis. African Union Mission Needs United Nations Support (ssoar.info)
Vermeij, L., Bigwood, C., Gienanth, T, V., Kumalo, L. (2022). UN
Peacekeeping Operations at a Crossroads The Implementation of Protection Mandates in Contested and Congested Spaces. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.nrc.no/resources/re ports/un-peacekeeping- operations-at-a-crossroads
Zahar, M. & Mechoulan, D. (2017). Peace by Pieces? Local Mediation and Sustainable Peace in the Central African Republic. International Peace Institute. Diakses dari:
https://www.ipinst.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/11/1701_P eace-by-Pieces.pdf
Artikel
De Waal, A. (2013). Playing the Genocide Card. The New York Times. Diakses dari: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/ 12/19/opinion/playing-the- genocide-card.html
Conciliation Resources (2021). Central African Republic: the conflict in focus. Diakses dari: https://www.c-r.org/
Hoogstraten, J.S.F. van, O'Toole., Thomas E. and Giles-Vernick., Tamara Lynn (2024). Central African Republic. Encyclopedia Britannica. Diakses dari: https://www.britannica.com/plac e/Central-African-Republic
McCormick (2015). “One Day We Will Start a Big War”, Foreign Policy. Diakses dari:
https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/1 0/28/one-day-we-will-start-a- big-war-central-african-republic- un-violence/
Meeting Coverage Security Council. (12 November 2020). Unanimously
Adopting Resolution 2552
(2020), Security Council Authorizes One-Year Mandate Extension of United Nations Stabilization Mission in Central African Republic. Diakses dari: https://press.un.org/en/2020/sc1 4356.doc.htm
RFI (2014). Central Africans ‘fed up of male politicians’ says President Samba-Panza. Diakses dari: https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/2014 0123-central-africans-fed-male- politicians-says-president- samba-panza
Shakiba. (6 Agustus 2020). United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). Diakses dari: https://blogs.ubc.ca/shakiba/202 0/08/06/united-nations- multidimensional-integrated- stabilization-mission-in-the- central-african-republic- minusca/
UN Web TV. (22 Februari 2022). The situation in the Central African Republic - Security Council, 8971st meeting. Diakses dari: https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1 v/k1v33fzy8y
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).